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The 1001 Nights is a classic of Arabian literature and world culture. Written in ancient Arabic, this collection of ancient folk tales has been translated into English and collected in many different versions under various titles. The most well-known English translation is "Arabian Nights." The stories gathered together explore universal themes on love, betrayal, lust, intrigue and greed. Some versions contain only a few hundred stories from an original thousand or more; some tell all the tales with no overlapping passages or events; while some add to the mix non-fictional frame narratives. Themes include the love stories of Scheherazade, the exotic adventures of Sinbad, and Aladdin's clever tales. The collection is also well known for its great humour, literary charm and stylized language. It includes the frame narrative about The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night. According to Irving A. Leonard's "A History of Arabian Literature", "the greatest single works of Arabian literature are the thousand tales in The Thousand Nights and a Night, translated by Burton." Other collections include "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights" (ca. 1460) and "The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor and the Adventures of Sindbad the Seaman" (ca. 1600). The stories in this collection are derived from ancient and medieval Arabic, Iranian, Indian (Sindhi), Egyptian and Mesopotamian folklore and literature. The original concept is derived from a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān which contains Indian folk tales. It was developed over time by story tellers in the Muslim world and written down during the reign of Shah Abbas I of Persia (1587–1629). "One Thousand and One Nights" is sometimes referred to as "Arabian Nights" or just "Arabian Tales". The book is a collection of "Arabian" (Arabic and Persian) stories and is highly characteristic and familiar to the Arabs. It has been an inseparable part of Arab culture for centuries. The oldest known manuscript of "One Thousand and One Nights" was found in Egypt in the 13th century CE (1226 AH), copied from a much older Arabic manuscript. The work probably reached its final form some time between 1225 (AH 570) and 1255 (AH 577). This date, suggests the story may have developed several hundred years before it reached Andalusia, or that it had been transmitted by cultural diffusion from Syria to Syria, where Arabic was spoken until the early thirteenth century. The "Arabian Nights" are thought to have been an oral tradition, but, since the work has no dates or other indications of time or place of origin, it is impossible to say how much of the book actually existed in pre-Islamic times. The first edition catalogued by Kraemer was published in Dresden in the middle of the nineteenth century. It contains a useful calendar indicating which nights are short ones, which are long ones, and so on. An 1883 article by Andréé Routledge lists only "a few hundred" tales from this first edition. Kraemer's list was reprinted in 1912 with some additions by Kraemer himself. cfa1e77820
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